Tuesday, June 16, 2026

 

You did not pass this test.

You scored 12 out of 16, or 75%. To pass, you needed to correctly answer 13 questions, or 80%.

Question 1 of 16Correct

The Orthopedic service line at El Camino Health has programs certified for care of Total Hip, Total Knee, and Total Shoulder Arthroplasty at both campuses, Hip Fracture care at Mountain View campus, and Spine Fusion care at the Los Gatos campus.  
Your Answer
True

Question 2 of 16Correct

Patients and caregivers are encouraged to attend a pre-operative class to learn about:
Your Answer
All of the above

Question 3 of 16Incorrect

Certified programs, including the Orthopedic and Spine Care Programs, must meet core requirements including standards, clinical practice guidelines, and performance measurements every: 
Your Answer
3 years
Correct Answer
2 years

Question 4 of 16Correct

Orthopedic and spine patients should receive discharge instructions related to: select all that apply
Your Answer
Diagnosis and weight bearing status and precautions
Your Answer
Discharge diet, activity, bathing and incision care
Your Answer
Home medications (including “next dose due info”)
Your Answer
Signs and symptoms of possible complications and what to report to your doctor
Your Answer
Discharge therapy plan (home exercises vs. home health PT vs. outpatient PT)
Your Answer
Follow-up appointments

Question 5 of 16Incorrect

Knee precautions after surgery include avoiding: select all that apply
Your Answer
Pillows under the knee
Your Answer
Kneeling on the surgical leg
Your Answer
Exercises with high impact
Your Answer
Prolonged sitting without elevation
You Missed
Ambulation without an assistive device

Question 6 of 16Correct

Performance Measures for Total Hip and Total Knee Arthroplasty include:
Your Answer
All of the above

Question 7 of 16Correct

Post-operative treatment goals for total joint arthroplasty include: select all that apply
Your Answer
Reducing postoperative pain and discomfort
Your Answer
Reducing the risk of venous thromboembolism and infection
Your Answer
Preventing constipation
Your Answer
Promoting return to patient’s functional goal
Your Answer
Providing appropriate nutrition and emotional support

Question 8 of 16Correct

Neutral spine principles following lumbar spine fusion include all of the following except:
Your Answer
No log rolling (rolling in bed side-to-side with your shoulders, hips, and knees together as one unit)

Question 9 of 16Incorrect

Delirium is a common complication in hospitalized older adults, occurring in as much as 61% of patients with hip fracture. Nursing interventions to reduce delirium risk include the following: select all that apply
Your Answer
Using restraints to manage behaviors
Your Answer
Providing additional auditory stimulation in a darkened environment
You Missed
Considering opioid alternatives, such as, acetaminophen, anti-inflammatories and ice
You Missed
Having patient wear glasses or hearing aids
You Missed
Ensuring adequate rest

Question 10 of 16Incorrect

Performance Measures for Hip Fracture include: select all that apply
Your Answer
Early mobilization by POD 1
Your Answer
Early mobilization within 4 hours after surgery 
You Missed
Avoiding Readmissions
You Missed
Scheduled multimodal analgesic
You Missed
Nutrition Education

Question 11 of 16Correct

Performance Measures for Spine Fusion include all except:
Your Answer
Eat a Regular diet

Question 12 of 16Correct

12. A good ____________________________ assessment can alert caregivers to the development of potential complications and prevent permanent damage to the function of the limb. Assessments include pulse strength, motor strength, color, temperature, and capillary refill.
Your Answer
Neurovascular

Question 13 of 16Correct

Post surgical Total Shoulder Precautions include all except:
Your Answer
Active Range of Motion (AROM)

Question 14 of 16Correct

A potential complication after lumbar fusion is ___________________. If this complication occurs, your patient will “look sick” and have feelings of impending doom, as well as, be diaphoretic and tachycardic with decreased oxygen saturations.
Your Answer
Pulmonary embolus

Question 15 of 16Correct

An early postoperative complication of total knee arthroplasty is arthrofibrosis, which: select all that apply
Your Answer
Is the formation of excessive scar tissue after surgery or injury
Your Answer
Limits range of motion

Question 16 of 16Correct

Hip precautions after posterolateral approach surgery include avoiding:  select all that apply 
Your Answer
Hip flexion greater than 90 degrees
Your Answer
Adduction/internal rotation
Your Answer
Crossing legs
Your Answer
Pivoting or turning toes inwards on the operative leg
Your Answer
Low, soft chairs

Monday, June 15, 2026

Burkholderia gladioli

Burkholderia gladioli is a type of bacterium found naturally in soil, water, and on plants. It is best known for causing disease in certain plants, but it can occasionally infect humans.


In humans


I

Tuesday, May 26, 2026

vitamin daily requirement

 

VitaminDaily Requirement
Vitamin A700 mcg RAE
Vitamin C75 mg
Vitamin D600 IU (15 mcg) (800 IU after age 70)
Vitamin E15 mg
Vitamin K90 mcg
Thiamin (B1)1.1 mg
Riboflavin (B2)1.1 mg
Niacin (B3)14 mg
Vitamin B61.3 mg
Folate (B9)400 mcg DFE
Vitamin B122.4 mcg
Pantothenic Acid (B5)5 mg
Biotin (B7)30 mcg
Choline425 mg

Important minerals

MineralDaily Requirement
Calcium1,000 mg (1,200 mg after age 50)
Iron18 mg (before menopause)
Magnesium320 mg
Potassium2,600 mg
Zinc8 mg

Based on the foods you mentioned

  • 500 mL milk: good source of calcium, vitamin D (if fortified), B12, riboflavin, and protein.
  • 2 eggs: provide vitamins A, D, B12, choline, and protein.
  • 2 apples: provide vitamin C and fiber.
  • 2 potatoes: provide vitamin C, potassium, and B6.
  • 2 servings of nuts: provide vitamin E, magnesium, and healthy fats.

This diet gives many nutrients, but it may still be low in:

  • Vitamin D
  • Vitamin K
  • Folate
  • Iron
  • Some vitamin C (depending on apple size)
  • Omega-3 fats

Adding 1–2 cups of vegetables daily (especially spinach, broccoli, kale, carrots, bell peppers, or mixed salad) and a source of lean protein or fish would help cover most vitamin and mineral needs naturally.

Breakfast (350 calories)

  • 2 large eggs
  • 1 cup (240 mL) whole milk
  • 1 medium apple
  • 1 slice whole-grain toast

Provides:

  • Protein: ~20 g
  • Vitamin A, D, B12, choline
  • Calcium ~400 mg
  • Fiber and vitamin C

Morning Snack (170 calories)

  • Plain Greek yogurt (170 g)
  • ½ cup blueberries

Provides:

  • Protein: ~17 g
  • Calcium ~200 mg
  • Vitamin C and antioxidants

Lunch (400 calories)

  • 4 oz grilled chicken breast
  • Large spinach salad (2 cups spinach)
  • ½ cup chickpeas
  • Tomatoes, cucumber, bell peppers
  • 1 teaspoon olive oil

Provides:

  • Protein: ~40 g
  • Folate
  • Vitamin K
  • Iron
  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin C
  • Magnesium

Afternoon Snack (180 calories)

  • 1 oz mixed nuts (almonds and walnuts)

Provides:

  • Protein: ~6 g
  • Vitamin E
  • Magnesium
  • Healthy fats
  • Zinc

Dinner (300 calories)

  • 1 baked golden potato
  • 4 oz salmon
  • 1 cup steamed broccoli

Provides:

  • Protein: ~28 g
  • Vitamin D
  • Vitamin B6
  • Potassium
  • Vitamin C
  • Omega-3 fats

Daily Total (Approximate)

NutrientAmount
Calories~1,400 kcal
Protein~95–100 g
Calcium~1,100 mg
Iron~15–18 mg
Magnesium~330 mg
Potassium~3,000 mg
Zinc~8–10 mg
Vitamin AAbove 700 mcg
Vitamin CAbove 100 mg
Vitamin DAbout 600–800 IU
Vitamin EAbout 15 mg
Vitamin KAbove 90 mcg
Thiamin (B1)Meets goal
Riboflavin (B2)Meets goal
Niacin (B3)Meets goal
Vitamin B6Meets goal
FolateMeets goal
Vitamin B12Meets goal
Pantothenic AcidMeets goal
BiotinMeets goal
CholineAbove 425 mg

Simple Grocery List

Protein

  • Eggs
  • Chicken breast
  • Salmon
  • Greek yogurt

Fruits

  • Apples
  • Blueberries

Vegetables

  • Spinach
  • Broccoli
  • Bell peppers
  • Tomatoes
  • Cucumbers

Healthy Carbs

  • Whole-grain bread
  • Potatoes
  • Chickpeas

Healthy Fats

  • Almonds
  • Walnuts
  • Olive oil

protein requirement per day

 (around 150–155 lb and trying to lose weight), a practical target is:

80–100 grams of protein per day

This helps:

  • Maintain muscle while losing fat
  • Feel fuller longer
  • Support healthy aging and bone health

Examples of protein amounts:

  • 2 eggs = 12 g
  • 500 mL milk = 16 g
  • 6 oz chicken breast = 50 g
  • 1 cup Greek yogurt = 15–20 g
  • 1 cup cooked beans = 15 g
  • 1 oz nuts = 5–7 g

A sample 90 g protein day could be:

  • Breakfast: 2 eggs + 1 cup milk = 20 g
  • Lunch: 4 oz chicken breast = 35 g
  • Snack: Greek yogurt = 18 g
  • Dinner: 1 cup beans + vegetables = 17 g

Total: ~90 g protein. This would be an excellent target for gradual weight loss and muscle maintenance.

CLOF

 CLOF - Current Level of Function: Severe Dysfunction     

Monday, May 25, 2026

PLOF

 PLOF - Prior Level of Function (pre-hospital): Severe Dysfunction

Dementia

 Early stage, is forgetting recently learned information 

important dates, events 

asking the same questions over and over,

needing memory aids reminder with electronic devices


A person with dementia may sometimes move their hands around in the air as if they are picking up, grabbing, or searching for something that is not there. This behavior is often called "picking" or "carphology" (floccillation). They may also:


  1. Reach into the air or bedclothes
  2. Pick at clothing, blankets, or objects
  3. Look around as if searching for something
  4. Appear restless or distracted
  5. Wander around trying to find a person, place, or object


These behaviors can occur in dementia, but they can also be caused by:


Delirium (sudden confusion from infection, dehydration, medication side effects, etc.)

Fever or illness

Sleep deprivation

Anxiety or agitation

Certain medications


If the person suddenly develops these symptoms or they are much worse than usual, medical evaluation is important because delirium can be a medical emergency. 

dementia symptoms also include:


Memory loss

Repeating questions

Getting lost in familiar places

Difficulty finding words

Confusion about time or place

Changes in mood or personality

Poor judgment



Friday, April 24, 2026

CIWA

 CIWA stands for Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment, standardized tool used to evaluate and manage alcohol withdrawal symptoms.

Friday, February 27, 2026

Obesity increases chronic inflammation linked to autoimmunity

 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32632847/?utm_source=chatgpt.com

Peer-Reviewed Research Findings

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12724045/


1. Obesity increases chronic inflammation linked to autoimmunity

Obesity isn’t just excess weight — it leads to visceral fat accumulation and chronic low-grade inflammation, which can disrupt immune system regulation and promote autoimmune processes.  


2. Meta-analysis shows higher risk of autoimmune diseases with obesity

A 2025 meta-analysis reported that people with obesity had a 41% increased risk of developing any autoimmune disease compared with normal weight individuals (hazard ratio (HR) ~1.41, statistically significant). Specific conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn’s disease also showed elevated risks.  


3. Mendelian randomization supports causal links

Genetic studies using Mendelian randomization found that obesity measures (BMI and waist circumference) were positively associated with the risk of several autoimmune diseases — including asthma, psoriasis, hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes.  


🧠 Biological Mechanisms (from Scientific Reviews)

Fat tissue secretes cytokines and inflammatory mediators that alter immune cell signaling. This chronic inflammation can disrupt immune tolerance — a key factor in autoimmune development.  

Adipose-derived immune dysregulation has been documented in both human and animal studies, showing increased autoantibody production associated with obesity.  


https://karger.com/ofa/article/16/6/598/865115/The-Causal-Effect-of-Obesity-on-the-Risk-of-15

 Academic Citation Format (APA)




Spatocco, I. et al. (2025). Obesity as a Risk Factor for Autoimmune Diseases. Obesity Journal.

This meta-analysis found that obesity was associated with an increased incidence of autoimmune disease compared to normal weight individuals.