Pneumonia ( PNA)

 pneumonia (PNA)

[pneumono- + -ia] ABBR: PNA Inflammation of the lungs, usually due to infection with bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Clinically, pneumonia is an infectious disease. Pulmonary inflammation due to other causes is called pneumonitis. 

What is sepsis PNA?

Septic Pneumonia & the Role of Enhanced Pathogen Detection ...

What is Septic Pneumonia? Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that can result from an infection anywhere in the body. 

1. Infection in the lungs, or pneumonia, is one of the most common causes of sepsis.

Bacterial infections are responsible for most cases of septic pneumonia, but viral respiratory infections like COVID-19 and the flu can also be a cause.3

A non-rebreather mask (NRB, non-rebreather, non-rebreather facemask, etc.) is a device used in medicine to assist in the delivery of oxygen therapy. A NRB requires that the patient can breathe unassisted, but unlike a low-flow nasal cannula, the NRB allows for the delivery of higher concentrations of oxygen.

Lung disease

 There are two types of lung diseases: obstructive lung disease and restrictive lung disease. 

Obstructive lung diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) cause more trouble when you’re exhaling air.

Restrictive lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis make it harder to inhale air.

pneumothorax

 Also known as: collapsed lungs

Content medically reviewed by

Dr. Govind Desai

MD, Respiratory Medicine

View full profile onLinkedIn

What is Pneumothorax?

Treatment options

How is this diagnosed?

Causes

Usually caused by injury to the chest and prolonged lung conditions, which may include:

• Chest injury: caused due to any blunt or penetrating injury to the chest. Car accidents, physical assaults, or medical procedures can lead to lung collapse.
• Lung disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema,cystic lung diseases, pneumonia like staphylococcal pneumonia can cause collapse.
• Mechanical ventilation: the ventilator can create an imbalance of air pressure within the chest and the lung may collapse completely.
• Ruptured air blisters: small air blisters can develop on the top of your lung. These blebs sometimes burst — allowing air to leak into the space that surrounds the lungs.

Risk factors include:

• Smoking
• Lung diseases
• Hospitalization and on ventilator
• Family history - certain types of cystic lung diseases leading to pneumothorax run in families
• If you are experiencing new, severe, or persistent symptoms, contact a health care provider.
• The symptoms include:

1. A steady ache in the chest
2. Shortness of breath, or dyspnea
3. Tightness in the chest
4. Turning blue, or cyanosis
5. Severe tachycardia, or a fast heart rate

There are no results for Causes Usually caused by injury to the chest and prolonged lung conditions, which may include: 

Chest injury: caused due to any blunt or penetrating injury to the chest. 

Car accidents, physical assaults, or medical procedures can lead to lung collapse. 

Lung disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema,cystic lung diseases,pneumonia like staphylococcal pneumonia can cause collapse.

 Mechanical ventilation: the ventilator can create an imbalance of air pressure within the chest and the lung may collapse completely. Ruptured air blisters: small air blisters can develop on the top of your lung. These blebs sometimes burst — allowing air to leak into the space that surrounds the lungs. 

Risk factors include: Smoking Lung diseases Hospitalization and on ventilator Family history - certain types of cystic lung diseases leading to pneumothorax run in families Symptoms If you are experiencing new, severe, or persistent symptoms, contact a health care provider. The symptoms include: A steady ache in the chest Shortness of breath

Obstructive Lung Diseases | COPD, Asthma, Bronchiectasis

atelectasis

 What is atelectasis? copy from : https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/atelectasis#:~:text=What%20is%20atelectasis%3F,breathing%20and%20underlying%20lung%20disease.

Atelectasis, the collapse of part or all of a lung, is caused by a blockage of the air passages (bronchus or bronchioles) or by pressure on the lung. 

Risk factors for atelectasis include anesthesia, prolonged bed rest with few changes in position, shallow breathing and underlying lung disease.

Mucus that plugs the airway, foreign objects in the airway (common in children) and tumors that obstruct the airway may lead to atelectasis. Large-scale atelectasis may be life threatening, especially in someone who has another lung disease or illness. In a baby or small child, lung collapse due to a mucus obstruction or other causes can be life threatening. 

Symptoms

1. Breathing difficulty
2. Chest pain
3. Cough

Diagnosis

Exams and tests include chest X-ray and bronchoscopy.

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to remove lung secretions and re-expand the affected lung tissue. Treatments include: 

Aerosolized respiratory treatments to open the airway

Positioning the body on the unaffected side to allow the lung to re-expand

Removing obstructions by bronchoscopy

Breathing exercises (incentive spirometry)

Clap, or percussion, on the chest to loosen mucus

Tilting the body (postural drainage) so that the head is lower than the chest to drain mucus

Treating a tumor or underlying condition, if present.

Prognosis

The collapsed lung usually reinflates gradually once the obstruction has been removed. However, some residual scarring or damage may occur. 

Atelectasis is treated by the Division of Pulmonary Medicine.

Hypoxia

 Hypoxia is low levels of oxygen in your body tissues. It causes symptoms like confusion, restlessness, difficulty breathing, rapid heart rate, and bluish skin. 

Many chronic heart and lung conditions can put you at risk for hypoxia. Hypoxia can be life-threatening

Hypoxemia can be caused by 

1. lung and heart diseases, 
2. congenital heart defects, and 
3. medications that slow your breathing.
4.  Traveling to a high altitude, where levels of oxygen are lower, can also cause hypoxemia.