Consuming mangoes in excess can result in gastrointestinal problems l

A few side effects related to the consumption of mango include: After consuming certain mango species, some people may experience throat pain or allergy (stomach pain, sneezing and runny nose). Consuming mangoes in excess can result in gastrointestinal problems like stomach pain, indigestion and diarrhoea.

c DIFF

 
The most common symptoms are:

1.     watery diarrhoea, which can be bloody.
2.     painful tummy cramps.
3.     feeling sick.
4.     signs of dehydration, such as a dry mouth, headaches and peeing less often than normal.
5.     a high temperature (fever) of above 38C (100.4F)
6.     loss of appetite and weight loss.

 What is the leading cause of C. diff? C. diff (Clostridioides difficile)
C. diff is a germ (bacterium) that causes diarrhea and colitis (an inflammation of the colon).  

Most cases of C. diff infection occur while you're taking antibiotics or not long after you've finished taking antibiotics.

That’s because antibiotics that fight bacterial infections by killing bad germs can also get rid of the good germs that protect the body against harmful infections, like C. diff infection. If you take antibiotics for more than a week, you could be even more at risk.

Other C. diff risk factors include:

• older age (65 and older)
• recent stay at a hospital or nursing home
• a weakened immune system, such as people with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplant patients taking immunosuppressive drugs
• previous infection with C. diff or known exposure to the germs

You can still get C. diff even if you have none of these risk factors.

 

Salmonella infection (salmonellosis)-GI

 

Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through stool (feces). Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food.

Some people with salmonella infection have no symptoms. Most people develop diarrhea, fever and stomach (abdominal) cramps within 8 to 72 hours after exposure. Most healthy people recover within a few days to a week without specific treatment.

In some cases, diarrhea can cause severe dehydration and requires prompt medical attention. Life-threatening complications also may develop if the infection spreads beyond the intestines. The risk of getting salmonella infection is higher with travel to countries without clean drinking water and proper sewage disposal.

Symptoms

Salmonella infection is usually caused by eating raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and eggs or egg products or by drinking unpasteurized milk. The incubation period — the time between exposure and illness — can be 6 hours to 6 days. Often, people who have salmonella infection think they have the stomach flu.

Possible signs and symptoms of salmonella infection include:

• Diarrhea
• Stomach (abdominal) cramps
• Fever
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Chills
• Headache
• Blood in the stool

Signs and symptoms of salmonella infection generally last a few days to a week. Diarrhea may last up to 10 days, but it may take several months before bowels return to usual stool habits.

A few varieties of salmonella bacteria result in typhoid fever, a sometimes deadly disease that is more common in developing countries.

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When to see a doctor

Most people don't need to seek medical attention for salmonella infection because it clears up on its own within a few days.

However, if the affected person is an infant, young child, older adult or someone with a weakened immune system, call a health care provider if illness:

• Lasts more than a few days
• Is associated with high fever or bloody stools
• Appears to be causing dehydration, with signs such as such as urinating less than usual, dark-colored urine and having a dry mouth and tongue

Request an appointment

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Causes

Salmonella bacteria live in the intestines of people, animals and birds. Most people are infected with salmonella by consuming food or water that has been contaminated by feces.

Infected food and water

Commonly infected foods include:

• Raw meat, poultry and seafood. Feces may get onto raw meat and poultry during the butchering process. Seafood may be contaminated if harvested from contaminated water.
• Raw or undercooked eggs. While an egg's shell may seem to be a perfect barrier to contamination, some infected chickens produce eggs that contain salmonella before the shell is even formed. Raw eggs are used in homemade versions of foods such as mayonnaise and hollandaise sauce.
• Unpasteurized dairy products. Unpasteurized milk and milk products — sometimes called raw milk — may be contaminated with salmonella. The pasteurization process kills harmful bacteria, including salmonella.
• Fruits and vegetables. Some fresh produce, particularly imported varieties, may be irrigated in the field or washed during processing with water contaminated with salmonella. Contamination can also occur in the kitchen, when juices from raw meat and poultry come into contact with uncooked foods, such as salads.

Improperly handled food

Many foods become contaminated when prepared by people who don't wash their hands thoroughly after using the toilet or changing a diaper or after handling contaminated food.

Infected surfaces

Infection can also occur if people touch something that is contaminated and then put their fingers in their mouths.

Infected pets and other animals

Animals and pets, especially birds and reptiles, may carry salmonella bacteria on their feathers, fur or skin or in their feces. Some pet foods may be contaminated with salmonella and can infect animals.

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Risk factors

Factors that may increase your risk of salmonella infection include:

• Activities that may bring you into closer contact with salmonella bacteria
• Health problems that may weaken your resistance to infection in general

Increased exposure

• International travel. Salmonella infection, including varieties that cause typhoid fever, is more common in developing countries with poor sanitation.
• Owning, handling or petting animals. Some animals, particularly birds and reptiles, can carry salmonella bacteria. Salmonella can also be found in animal pens, tanks, cages and litter boxes.

Stomach or bowel disorders

The body has many natural defenses against salmonella infection. For example, strong stomach acid can kill many types of salmonella bacteria. But some medical problems or medications can short-circuit these natural defenses.

Examples include:

• Antacids. Lowering the stomach's acidity allows more salmonella bacteria to survive.
• Inflammatory bowel disease. This disorder damages the lining of your intestines, which makes it easier for salmonella bacteria to take hold.
• Recent use of antibiotics. This can reduce the number of "good" bacteria in your intestines, which may impair your ability to fight off a salmonella infection.

Immune problems

Some medical problems or medications appear to increase your risk of catching salmonella by weakening your immune system. This interferes with your body's ability to fight infection and disease. Examples include:

• HIV/AIDS
• Sickle cell disease
• Malaria
• Anti-rejection drugs taken after organ transplants
• Corticosteroids

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Complications

Salmonella infection usually isn't life-threatening. However, in certain people — especially infants and young children, older adults, transplant recipients, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems — the development of complications can be dangerous.

Dehydration

If you can't drink enough to replace the fluid you're losing from diarrhea, you may become dehydrated. Warning signs include:

• Urinating less than usual or dark-colored urine
• Dry mouth and tongue
• Sunken eyes
• No tears when crying
• Being more tired than usual
• Irritability or confusion

Bacteremia

If salmonella infection enters your bloodstream (bacteremia), it can infect tissues throughout your body, including:

• The urinary system (urinary tract infection)
• The tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meningitis)
• The lining of the heart or valves (endocarditis)
• The bones or bone marrow (osteomyelitis)
• The lining of blood vessels, especially if you've had a vascular graft, such as heart vessel bypass surgery

Reactive arthritis

People who have had salmonella are at higher risk of developing reactive arthritis from salmonella infection. Also known as Reiter's syndrome, reactive arthritis typically causes:

• Eye irritation
• Painful urination
• Painful joints

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Prevention

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) oversees and updates inspection, sampling and testing programs for poultry and meat. The purpose is to cut the number of salmonella infections in the United States.

You can avoid getting salmonella and spreading bacteria to others in several ways, including safely preparing food, hand-washing, avoiding contamination, and not eating raw meat, dairy or egg products.

Preventive methods are especially important when preparing food or providing care for infants, older adults and people with weakened immune systems.

Wash your hands

Washing your hands thoroughly can help prevent the transfer of salmonella bacteria to your mouth or to any food you're preparing. Wash your hands with soap and water for 20 seconds after you:

• Use the toilet
• Change a diaper
• Handle raw meat or poultry
• Clean up pet feces
• Touch pets or other animals and their habitats, especially reptiles or birds

Keep things separate

To prevent cross-contamination:

• Store raw meat, poultry and seafood away from other foods in your refrigerator
• If possible, have two cutting boards in your kitchen — one for raw meat and the other for fruits and vegetables
• Never place cooked food on an unwashed plate that previously held raw meat
• Wash food preparation surfaces thoroughly with soap and water

Avoid eating raw eggs

Homemade cookie dough, ice cream, mayonnaise, hollandaise sauce and eggnog all contain raw eggs. If you must consume raw eggs, make sure they've been pasteurized.

Cook and store food properly

Be sure to cook food thoroughly and refrigerate or freeze food promptly.

Request an appointment

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By Mayo Clinic Staff

Apr 29, 2022

Print

Diagnosis & treatment

1. Diseases & Conditions
2. 
   

2. Salmonella infection symptoms & causes

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News from Mayo Clinic

• 
  Mayo Clinic Minute: Keeping Thanksgiving salmonella-free
• 
  CDC investigating unknown source of salmonella outbreak in US

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Products & Services

• A Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition
• Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter — Digital Edition

 

 The TEAS tends to assess more general knowledge that may have been acquired in high school or a non-medical degree program. On the other hand, the HESI exam focuses on subjects that are more relevant  to the medical field in addition to general knowledge.

Call Light is everyone responsibility

 STOP!

When a call light is on

When a resident asks for help

LOOK!

When passing a resident in the hall When passing a resident's room

LISTEN!

For crying, yelling and loud noises

To requests and complaints

TAKE ACTION!

Investigate and respond in a timely manner

.. 28 Ways To Help When A Call Light Is On

 ... 28 Ways To Help When A Call Light Is On

*Can you help me .

wet a washcloth? write a letter?

get ice water? twim a fan on?

tell the muse I need medication? dial the phone?

get 3 blanket? get a tissue?

reach my purse? answer my phone?

adjust the radio volume? fuff my pillow?

get salt, pepper, sugar, or cream? talk to the nurse?

change the TV channel? close my door?

open mail? pull the bedside table closer?

turn the light on or off? close or open the window?

adjust my blanket? close or open the curtains?

put my watch on? pour a glass of water?

find my glasses? get a snack?

get another pillow? adjust the temperature?

Herpes simplex virus -HSV varicella zoster virus -vzv

 Herpes simplex virus -HSV

varicella zoster virus -vzv

Impetigo-contact precaution

 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430974/

Impetigo is a common infection of the superficial layers of the epidermis that is highly contagious and most commonly caused by gram-positive bacteria. It most commonly presents as erythematous plaques with a yellow crust and may be itchy or painful. The lesions are highly contagious and spread easily. Diagnosis is typically based on the symptoms and clinical manifestations alone. Treatment involves topical and oral antibiotics and symptomatic care. This activity reviews the cause, pathophysiology and presentation of impetigo and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in its management.

Metabolic encephalopathy

 Metabolic encephalopathy is a problem in the brain. It is caused by a chemical imbalance in the blood. The imbalance is caused by an illness or organs that are not working as well as they should. It is not caused by a head injury. When the imbalance affects the brain, it can lead to personality changes.

What are signs and symptoms of metabolic encephalopathy?

Symptoms of Metabolic Encephalopathy Learning About Metabolic Encephalopathy | Kaiser Permanente

Symptoms may vary depending on the type of encephalopathy you have.

causes of encephalopathy

Delirium – Confused thinking and less attention span. It is a serious health concern and needs immediate attention.

Lethargy – Caused by a lack of nutrition and a high level of toxins in the body

Muscle weakness

Loss of memory or dementia

Difficulty in motor tasks such as walking, eating, writing, etc., is also known as ataxia

Illusions

Hallucinations

Decreased consciousness

Mood disorders

Breathing problems

Mental health issues such as depression, anxiety

Vision problems

Seizures

Klebsiella pneumoniae

 Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, encapsulated, non-motile bacterium found in the environment and has been associated with pneumonia in patient populations with alcohol use disorder or diabetes mellitus. The bacterium typically colonizes human mucosal surfaces of the oropharynx and gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

What antibiotics treat Klebsiella PNA?

Treatment. Klebsiellainfections can be dangerous, so doctors start treatment with antibiotics right away.

 Examples include cephalosporins (cefotaxime and ceftriaxone) and carbapenems (imipenem or cilastatin).

Microbiology and pathogenesis of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection

Aortic valve stenosis

 Aortic valve stenosis — or aortic stenosis — is a type of heart valve disease (valvular heart disease). 

The valve between the lower left heart chamber and the body's main artery (aorta) is narrowed and doesn't open fully. This reduces or blocks blood flow from the heart to the aorta and to the rest of the body.

Treatment of aortic stenosis depends on the severity of the condition. You may need surgery to repair or replace the valve. 

Without treatment, severe aortic valve stenosis can lead to death.

Aortic Stenosis Overview | American Heart Association

CDRP= Chemical Dependency Recovery Program

 

CDRP= Chemical Dependency Recovery Program 

Sepsis

 Sepsis is the combination of a known or suspected infection and an accompanying systemic inflammatory response. 

Severe sepsis is sepsis with acute dysfunction of one or more organ systems; septic shock is a subset of severe sepsis. 

Severe sepsis is common, frequently fatal, and expensive.

Mechanisms of Organ Dysfunction in Sepsis

Development of organ dysfunction is the most important clinical event during sepsis, as it directly relates to mortality and morbidity. Although the new definition of sepsis captures this concept, centering the clinical essence of sepsis on the development of a ‘life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection,’1 

Three of these disruptive ideas are of particular relevance here. The first is that organs can develop dysfunction during sepsis in theased oxygen delivery,4,5 suggesting that tissue hypoxia may not be an isolated mechanism. This explains why perfusion-targeted therapeutic efforts may surmount only to partial or to no benefit.6 The second is that o absence of decrergan dysfunction can occur in the absence of significant cell death,7–9 suggesting the lack of function is not due to structural damage but, rather, to a shut-down of usual cellular activities. This has fueled speculation that early on, organ dysfunction may be an adaptive strategy to overwhelming inflammatory injury.10 Of course, should this process become sustained it will become maladaptive and carry the known association with poor prognosis. The third concept is the recognition that the action of the immune system against invading pathogens (also known as resistance capacity) is only part of the body’s defense mechanisms against infection. Only recently was the mechanism known as Tolerance in the fields of plant ecology and biology, and defined as the capacity of the host to limit cellular and tissue injury derived from immune or pathogen action, described in mammals.1

Retrieve from (2023 ) : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6922007/#:~:text=Importantly%2C%20organ%20dysfunction%20in%20sepsis,dysregulation%2C%20and%20cellular%20metabolic%20reprogramming.

How does sepsis cause organ dysfunction?


Importantly, organ dysfunction in sepsis is now recognized to be more than just the consequence of decreased tissue oxygen delivery and instead involves multiple responses to inflammation, including endothelial and microvascular dysfunction, immune and autonomic dysregulation, and cellular metabolic reprogramming

Zyprexa-Olanzapine

 Olanzapine is an antipsychotic medication that can treat several mental health conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It balances the levels of dopamine and serotonin in your brain. These substances help regulate your mood, behaviors and thoughts. The brand name of this medication is Zyprexa®.

Will Zyprexa stop anxiety?

Background Olanzapine is a second-generation atypical antipsychotic that has shown off-label efficacy for the treatment of nausea, delirium, anxiety, insomnia, and cachexia in adults. Consequently, palliative care clinicians may utilize it to target multiple symptoms common among their patients.

disheveled appearance

 Disheveled comes from Middle English discheveled, meaning "bareheaded" or "with disordered hair." That word is partially based on Anglo-French deschevelé, a combination of the prefix des- ("dis-") and chevoil ("hair"). In English, disheveled describes things other than hair that have a messy or untidy appearance.

Titration of a medicine

 

Titration of a medicine means slowly increasing the dose of a medicine by very small amounts over days, weeks, or even months, to find the right dose that is effective for you. This allows your doctor to see how your body reacts to the medicine without giving you excessive side effects.Oct 28, 2022

Hydromorphone Brand name: Dilaudid

 Hydromorphone

Brand name: Dilaudid

Narcotic

It can treat moderate to severe pain.

Controlled substance

High risk for addiction and dependence. Can cause respiratory distress and death when taken in high doses or when combined with other substances, especially alcohol or other illicit drugs such as heroin or cocaine.

Some of the things that may raise your risk of aortic dissection include: Uncontrolled high blood pressure (hypertension) Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) Weakened and bulging artery (aortic aneurysm) An aortic valve defect (bicuspid aortic valve) A narrowing of the aorta at birth (aortic coarctation)

 Some of the things that may raise your risk of aortic dissection include:

• Uncontrolled high blood pressure (hypertension)
• Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis)
• Weakened and bulging artery (aortic aneurysm)
• An aortic valve defect (bicuspid aortic valve)
• A narrowing of the aorta at birth (aortic coarctation)
• What is the main cause of aortic dissection?It's believed that most aortic dissections are caused by an underlying vulnerability that may be inherited. In others, the stress to the aortic wall from constant high blood pressure can weaken the aorta wall in susceptible people, resulting in a tear and dissection.
• What is the biggest risk factor for aortic dissection?Typical symptoms of acute aortic dissection include severe chest pain, hypotension or syncope and, hence, mimic acute myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolism. Advanced age, male gender, long-term history of arterial hypertension and the presence of aortic aneurysm confer the greatest population attributable risk.
• What illness causes aortic dissection?Risk factors for aortic dissection are similar to those of a thoracic aortic aneurysm: Family history of aortic aneurysm or dissection. Genetic conditions that affect connective tissues in your body, such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Bicuspid aortic valve disease.
• What are the red flags of aortic dissection?Sudden, severe upper back or chest pain (often described as a “tearing” sensation from the neck down the back) Sudden, severe belly pain. Leg pain. Mild neck, jaw, or chest pain.