Reporting a breach right away will help a facility figure out if there are any risks. It will also help meet the deadlines for telling the affected people and the regulatory authorities. 

The Breach Notification Rule says CEs have to report breaches. If there is a breach, a facility will need to do the following:

More than 500

If more than 500 people are affected, the CE has to let the local media know. This also has to be done within 60 days of the breach being discovered.

Report to HHS

For any number of breaches, a CE has to tell the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). There is a form on the HHS website that has to be sent. If there are over 500 people affected, HHS has to be told within 60 days of a breach. Breaches affecting less than 500 people have to be reported within 60 days of the end of the calendar year.

The CE has to document all breaches. It also has to keep proof that the required notifications were made. Other responsibilities of the CE include the following:

• Having a policy and procedures regarding breach notification
• Training employees in HIPAA policy and procedures
• Holding staff accountable if breach policy and procedures are not followed

If a staff member thinks there has been a breach of PHI, how soon should they report it? 

Report it one month later.

Correctly unselected

Report it at their performance review three months later.

Correctly unselected

Report it right away.

Correctly selected

Report it only when someone asks them if they noticed anything.

This module has reviewed the following about the Privacy Rule:

    The Notice of Privacy Practices

    The rights of people being cared for

    Extreme risk protection orders

    The Breach Notification Rule

Sometimes a staff member may not be sure if something is a breach.

 Sometimes a staff member may not be sure if something is a breach. However, it has to be reported right away, even if the person is not certain. The facility's policy and procedures for reporting should be followed. 

 Here are possible ways to report a breach:

    Telling a manager

    Telling the privacy officer

    Calling the compliance hotline or similar HIPAA reporting portal

PHI and Rights

 PHI and Rights

Protected health information is data about a person and the healthcare they receive. It should be kept private from other people unless the Privacy Rule allows them to see it or the person agrees to share it. 

PHI includes individually identifiable health information created or received by a covered entity (CE). It is personal data that is spoken, written, or in electronic form.  

Individually identifiable health information relates to any of the following:

    A person's past, present, or future physical or mental health or condition

    Any healthcare given to a person

    The past, present, or future payment for healthcare given to a person

1. Provide an NPP the first time they provide a service. If not in person, provide the NPP electronically. 
2. Have the individual respond in writing that they received the NPP.
3. Post the NPP in an easily seen area and provide a copy when asked. Provide in different languages as needed. 
4. Update the NPP when the law or policies change. Make updates available to all individuals receiving care.

The Privacy Rule explains how to follow the law when using, sharing, and protecting PHI. 

There are only certain circumstances when a mental health professional is allowed to share a person's mental healthcare notes without the person giving their approval.

An individual has the right to decide if they want to be in the facility directory. If they decide not to be in the directory, then no one can give out their data.

A mental health professional documents mental healthcare notes during a counseling session. The notes are for the professional's personal use. They are not used for any other purpose.

Information in a person's medical record includes their diagnosis, symptoms, treatment plan, etc. This information can be shared according to the Privacy Rule.

There are times when CEs can use and disclose PHI without permission from the individual: 

The minimum necessary standard 

The Privacy Rule includes the minimum necessary standard. This standard says that a CE has to do its best to use, disclose, and request only the minimum amount of PHI to meet the purpose of the use, disclosure, or request. 

CEs have policies and procedures in place to limit uses and disclosures to the minimum necessary. Healthcare staff should refer to their policies and procedures for guidance before sharing data.

Access to PHI is restricted based on a person's job within their organization. Healthcare workers should only access the PHI they need to do their job.

Healthcare staff should share only the minimum necessary data. If anyone has a question about it, they should speak to their manager or the privacy officer.

Reasonable reliance

All CEs have to follow the minimum necessary standard. Because of this, it would make sense that a CE (e.g., a lawyer who is a business associate) would know to only ask for the minimum necessary data. However, they may simplify a request by asking for an entire medical record instead of just the parts they need. 

It is good practice to ask them if they need certain identifiers in the data they request. These include data like dates of birth or Social Security numbers. If they do not need them, they should be removed. This will help meet the minimum necessary requirement. This will also ensure both CEs are in compliance.

De-Identification of PHI

Healthcare data is studied and compared to help improve healthcare and outcomes. To do this, data about people from many healthcare organizations may be collected and analyzed. The de-identification standard tells organizations which data should be removed from PHI. This helps protect each person's privacy during this process.

There are two ways that a person's identifying data can be removed:

• A qualified expert such as a scientist can determine if data is free of identifying information.
• Use the safe harbor method, which is the removal of a list of data that might identify a person.

• Extreme Risk Protection Orders
  An extreme risk protection order (ERPO) is a court order that stops a person who can cause harm from getting guns. This person might put themselves or others in danger. 

  Police, family members of the individual, and healthcare providers might need PHI to ask a court for an ERPO. 

  Here are some examples of when a healthcare provider would be allowed to share PHI for an ERPO: 

• A CE gets a court order asking for PHI to support an ERPO. The CE can only share the PHI approved by the court order. 

• A person wants an ERPO because their spouse talked about shooting them with a gun. Their spouse has been getting mental healthcare. The Privacy Rule allows the therapist to share the minimum necessary PHI to support the ERPO. 

  

• A CE can provide PHI for an ERPO application in response to the following: 

  

  Court orders

  

  An administrative tribunal
  A legal group that settles conflicts between individuals and the government

  

  A subpoena 
  A document ordering a person to show up in a legal court

• Breaches

  A breach is when someone gets, looks at, or shares PHI with others against HIPAA rules. Breaches harm the security or privacy of PHI. Examples of breaches include the following:

  • A healthcare worker's car was broken into while they were in a store, and their work laptop was stolen.
  • A healthcare worker talks about a person in their care while in front of other people in their care.
  • A healthcare worker faxes parts of a medical record to the wrong number.

  • • A set of rules to run a business, called policies and procedures 

    • A policy that makes sure a CE does not discipline someone who makes a complaint 

    • Instructions for making a complaint  

    • A person who makes sure people follow the Privacy Rule 

    • Training for the staff 

    • An explanation of what to do when someone does not follow the rules  

    • A way to deal with anything bad that happens from sharing PHI 

    • Ways to keep data safe 

    • When a breach occurs, a facility determines if it puts a person at risk or not. These three exceptions to the definition of breach help organizations figure this out:

      
    • 1. When a staff member or someone working for a covered entity or business associate (BA) accidentally gets, sees, or uses PHI in good faith and within their authority
      2. When someone who is allowed access to PHI by a CE or BA accidentally discloses PHI to another person who also is allowed access by the CE or BA, as long as the PHI is not further used or disclosed against the Privacy Rule
      3. When PHI is disclosed to a person who is not allowed access, but the CE or BA believes in good faith that the person who received it would not be able to retain the information

      A staff member receives and opens an internal email from a nurse containing an individual's PHI. The nurse sent this email to the staff member by mistake. The staffer realizes the email has been sent by mistake, deletes it, and tells the nurse sender. 

      A nurse speaking on phone and using a computer.

      • n example:

        A staff member receives and opens an internal email from a nurse containing an individual's PHI. The nurse sent this email to the staff member by mistake. The staffer realizes the email has been sent by mistake, deletes it, and tells the nurse sender. 

        In this situation, the privacy officer may say that the person whose PHI was breached does not need to be told. This is because the staff member:

        
        

            Was allowed to access the PHI.

            Recognized it was not meant for them to see.

            Lessened the risk by deleting the message and telling the nurse who sent it.

    • In this situation, the privacy officer may say that the person whose PHI was breached does not need to be told. This is because the staff member:

      • Was allowed to access the PHI.
      • Recognized it was not meant for them to see.
      • Lessened the risk by deleting the message and telling the nurse who sent it.
    • 
      

When a breach occurs, a facility determines if it puts a person at risk or not. These three exceptions to the definition of breach help organizations figure this out:

A discovery request 
A legal document to request a person to hand over certain data

Other legal action

A family member is worried because a person talked about taking a gun to work to shoot their boss. The therapist knows that the person has a gun and agrees that the person could cause harm. The therapist applies for an ERPO. The Privacy Rule allows the therapist to warn people right away about a threat.

A CE gets a court order asking for PHI to support an ERPO. The CE can only share the PHI approved by the court order. 

HIPPA right Privacy Rules

 This module will review the following about the Privacy Rule:

    The Notice of Privacy Practices

    The rights of people being cared for

    Extreme risk protection orders

    The Breach Notification Rule

Accountable

When someone has to do something or will be disciplined for not doing it

Authority

Being allowed to do something

Business associate (BA)

A person or entity that performs activities on behalf of, or provides certain services to, a covered entity 

Court order

A requirement from a judge to do or not do something 

Covered entity (CE)

Health plans, healthcare clearinghouses, and any healthcare providers that transmit health information in electronic form 

De-identify

To remove data from a person’s record so they cannot be identified

Disclosure

Sharing private information 

Electronic medical record (EMR)

The digital record of a person’s health history

Exception

Something that is not included

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

The law that says how protected health information can be used and shared

Mental healthcare

Services for emotional, psychological, and social well-being

Therapist

A person skilled in a certain kind of therapy or treatment

 

ECH Strategy

 

Executive Team

 

Hospital Board of Director

 

Elcamino Hospital COntinued Growth

 

Los gatos Campas -El Camino

 

Trivia Questions

 

Patient Anxiety

1.  Fear Waiting too long at doctor's office for consultation.
2. Waiting for a new heart
3. Husband is terminally ill 
4. Visiting Dad for the last time 
5. Celebrating wedding anniversary
6. Wife had stroke thinking of how he will be taking care of her.
7. He found out he is going to be a new dad. 
8. Worry how he will be paying for medical bills.  
9. Hoping to hold her today (mother of neonate in ICU)
10. Always wanted a child of her own.
11. Ears of all better. 
12. Car accident 6 months ago the pain is not go away.
13. Tumor was malignant.
14. Hear what they want to hear 
15. See what they want to see 
16. Would you treat them differently. 

We care in Action

 

Engage with empathy

 

Telephone etiquette

 

multiple myeloma

copy from https://www.darzalex.com/iv/multiple-myeloma/what-is-multiple-myeloma?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=GO-USA-ENG-PS-Darzalex-CS-EX-RN-DTC_Condition&utm_content=MM+General&utm_term=multiple+myeloma&gclid=Cj0KCQjwtamlBhD3ARIsAARoaEzAwMrE-7SStYtnd1UxM5p9tey9T1fLbMsTSZTprB_71U6TvGq3Gd8aAk-4EALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds 

What is multiple myeloma?

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells. These white blood cells are found in the bone marrow and produce antibodies to help your immune system fight infections.

Cancerous plasma cells produce abnormal proteins called M proteins. A high level of M proteins can damage your kidneys and weaken your immune system. These cancerous cells also replace normal cells with tumors, usually in the bone marrow. This can cause bone damage and lead to bone pain or fractures.

Multiple myeloma symptoms

The symptoms of multiple myeloma can vary from person to person. Some people with multiple myeloma have no symptoms at all.

According to the American Cancer Society, the most common multiple myeloma symptoms include:

Bone problems

Bone pain that can be in any bone but is most often in your back, hips, and skull

Bone weakness, either all over (osteoporosis) or where there is a bone tumor

Broken bones or fractures, sometimes from minor stress or injury

Low blood count

Anemia — low levels of red blood cells, which may cause weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath, and dizziness

Leukopenia — low levels of white blood cells, which can increase your risk of infections and weaken the immune system

Thrombocytopenia — low blood platelet counts may cause serious bleeding even with minor scrapes, cuts, or bruises

High levels of calcium in the blood, which can cause:

1. Extreme thirst
2. Excessive urination
3. Dehydration
4. Kidney problems and even kidney failure
5. Severe constipation
6. Abdominal pain
7. Loss of appetite
8. Weakness
9. Drowsiness
10. Confusion

Frequent infections

Myeloma patients are much more likely to get infections. Pneumonia is a common and serious infection seen in myeloma patients.

Kidney damage Which can lead to:

1. Weakness
2. Shortness of breath
3. Itching
4. Leg swelling

Nervous system problems

Which can cause:

Sudden severe back pain

Numbness, most often in the legs

Muscle weakness, most often in the legs

atelectasis

 What is atelectasis? copy from : https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/atelectasis#:~:text=What%20is%20atelectasis%3F,breathing%20and%20underlying%20lung%20disease.

Atelectasis, the collapse of part or all of a lung, is caused by a blockage of the air passages (bronchus or bronchioles) or by pressure on the lung. 

Risk factors for atelectasis include anesthesia, prolonged bed rest with few changes in position, shallow breathing and underlying lung disease.

Mucus that plugs the airway, foreign objects in the airway (common in children) and tumors that obstruct the airway may lead to atelectasis. Large-scale atelectasis may be life threatening, especially in someone who has another lung disease or illness. In a baby or small child, lung collapse due to a mucus obstruction or other causes can be life threatening. 

Symptoms

1. Breathing difficulty
2. Chest pain
3. Cough

Diagnosis

Exams and tests include chest X-ray and bronchoscopy.

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to remove lung secretions and re-expand the affected lung tissue. Treatments include: 

Aerosolized respiratory treatments to open the airway

Positioning the body on the unaffected side to allow the lung to re-expand

Removing obstructions by bronchoscopy

Breathing exercises (incentive spirometry)

Clap, or percussion, on the chest to loosen mucus

Tilting the body (postural drainage) so that the head is lower than the chest to drain mucus

Treating a tumor or underlying condition, if present.

Prognosis

The collapsed lung usually reinflates gradually once the obstruction has been removed. However, some residual scarring or damage may occur. 

Atelectasis is treated by the Division of Pulmonary Medicine.

Metabolic Encephalopathy

copy from : https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abo4850#:~:text=Metabolic%20encephalopathy%20is%20a%20problem,can%20lead%20to%20personality%20changes.

Learning About Metabolic Encephalopathy

What is metabolic encephalopathy?

Metabolic encephalopathy is a problem in the brain. It is caused by a chemical imbalance in the blood. 

The imbalance is caused by an illness or organs that are not working as well as they should. It is not caused by a head injury.When the imbalance affects the brain, it can lead to personality changes.  (Alter Mental status)It can also make it harder to think clearly and remember things.The problems may only last a short time if you get treatment right away. But this depends on the cause. If the imbalance has been building up because you've been sick for a long time, the mental changes may be more severe. They may also last longer.

What happens when you have this problem?When things are working right, your body has many ways to keep the chemicals in your blood in balance. 

For example, your liver and kidneys remove waste from your blood. The kidneys also help keep fluids and sodium in balance. And your pancreas makes insulin. It is a hormone that helps control the amount of sugar in your blood.

But the chemicals in your blood can get out of balance and damage parts of your body because of a medical problem.

This may be kidney or liver failure. 

Or it could be diabetes that isn't controlled well. When the imbalance affects the brain, normal thinking and behavior can change.

What are the symptoms?

Symptoms may include:

Confusion.

Problems with thinking and remembering.

Being grouchy and depressed.

Feeling drowsy.

Not being able to sleep.

Passing out (fainting) now and then.

How is it treated?

The doctor will try to find the illness that's causing the problem. The doctor may ask questions about your past health.

The doctor will also do tests to find what is causing the chemical imbalance and to see how severe it is.

The doctor may treat the organ system that's causing the problem. 

For example, if it's a kidney problem, you may have treatment to help your kidneys work better. 

If you have an infection, you may need antibiotics. If the doctor can't treat the cause of the problem, the doctor will treat the symptoms.

The doctor will carefully watch your blood chemicals to make sure that your treatment is being done safely.

Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. 

Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It's also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take.

Current as of: June 6, 2022

Author: Healthwise Staff

Medical Review:Adam Husney MD - Family Medicine

Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is a type of dementia that can cause people to be disoriented.

Alert and Oriented x1, x2, x3, and x4 in Dementia

https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-orientation-and-how-is-it-affected-by-dementia-98571 

Orientation is something healthcare providers check when screening for dementia and evaluating cognitive abilities.1

Merck Manual Professional Version. How to assess mental status.

 It refers to a person's level of awareness of self, place, time, and situation.

Healthcare providers score a person's orientation on a scale of 1 to 4. The higher the number, the better oriented a person is considered. For example, if you are fully alert and oriented, x4 will be noted.

When testing a person's orientation, a doctor asks standard questions that may seem like small talk. But these questions are useful for testing recent and longer-term memories.

Typical questions include:

What is your name?

Where are you?

What is the date?

What time is it?

What just happened to you?

This article includes information about what different levels of orientation mean and how they relate to Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and delirium.

Orientation Levels

In certain health assessments, orientation is sometimes referred to as "alert and oriented" (AO or A&O) or "awake, alert, and oriented" (AAO). It is usually followed by the multiplication symbol (x) and a number. For example, it may be written like "AOx3" or "AAOx4."

The level—x1, x2, x3, or x4—is a way of measuring the extent of a person's awareness.

Here's what the types of orientation mean:

• Oriented to person: The person knows their name and usually can recognize significant others.
• Oriented to place: The person knows where they are, such as the hospital, clinic, or town.
• Oriented to time: The person knows the time of day, date, day of the week, and season.
• Oriented to situation: They can explain why they are talking to the doctor.

Sometimes a person can answer some of this information, but not all. For example, they may know their name and the date but can't say where there are or why. In that case, it would be notated as x2.

In some circumstances, healthcare providers might only ask about person, place, and time. In that situation, x3 is the highest level of orientation tested. When a doctor includes questions about the situation, the highest level would then be x4.

In addition to the value (i.e., x3), a healthcare provider's notes should also include the specific questions asked and answers given.                                                                                                                            What Is the Memory Impairment Screen (MIS)? (verywellhealth.com)                                                                            

What are signs of labored breathing?

 What are signs of labored breathing?

Signs of Respiratory Distress

Breathing rate. An increase in the number of breaths per minute may mean that a person is having trouble breathing or not getting enough oxygen.

Color changes. ...

Grunting. ...

Nose flaring. ...

Retractions. ...

Sweating. ...

Wheezing. ...

Body position.

Pertinent

 

per·ti·nent

adjective

relevant or applicable to a particular matter; apposite.

ˈpertinent.: having to do with the matter being thought about or discussed: relevant. a pertinent question. pertinently adverb.

example sentences; Briefly, 65 years old male who does not have pertinent on file. 

Troponin

 Troponin is a type of protein found in the muscles of your heart. Troponin isn't normally found in the blood. When heart muscles become damaged, troponin is sent into the bloodstream. As heart damage increases, greater amounts of troponin are released in the blood.Sep 9, 2021

What do the results mean?

If your results show normal troponin levels for 12 hours after chest pain has started, it's unlikely that your symptoms were caused by a heart attack.

If even a small level of troponin is found in your blood, it may mean there is some damage to your heart. If high levels of troponin are found in one or more tests over time, it probably means you had a heart attack. Other reasons for higher than normal troponin levels include:

• Congestive heart failure
• Kidney disease
• Blood clot in your lungs

If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider.

Learn more about laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results.

Rhabdomyolysis

 Rhabdomyolysis (often called rhabdo) is a serious medical condition that can be fatal or result in permanent disability. Rhabdo occurs when damaged muscle tissue releases its proteins and electrolytes into the blood. These substances can damage the heart and kidneys and cause permanent disability or even death.

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/rhabdo/default.html#:~:text=Rhabdomyolysis%20(often%20called%20rhabdo)%20is,permanent%20disability%20or%20even%20death.

Treatment

Seek treatment as soon as you suspect rhabdo! If treated early, most rhabdo patients return to work in a few days without any lasting effects. Treatment options depend on how severe the rhabdo is. Only a healthcare provider can determine how severe it is through blood tests, electrocardiograms (also known as EKGs), etc.

Less severe cases can be treated with:

• Drinking fluids
• Getting out of the heat
• Resting

Moderate to severe cases may need intravenous (IV) fluids and hospital admission.

• IV fluids help flush out the muscle proteins and electrolytes. IV fluids can prevent dangerous heart rhythms and loss of kidney function.
• At a hospital, medical professionals can monitor and treat severe cases for:
  • abnormal heart rhythms
  • decreased kidney function
  • seizures
  • elevated compartment pressures
  • high potassium levels

Onychomycosis

 Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail unit. When onychomycosis is caused by dermatophytes, it is called tinea unguium. The term onychomycosis encompasses not only the dermatophytes but the yeasts and saprophytic molds infections as well.

Link : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441853/#:~:text=Onychomycosis%20is%20a%20fungal%20infection,saprophytic%20molds%20infections%20as%20well.

A macular pucker

 A macular pucker is scar tissue that has formed on the eye's macula, located in the center of the eye's light-sensitive tissue called the retina. The macula provides the sharp, central vision we need for reading, driving, and seeing fine detail.

 A macular pucker can cause blurred and distorted central vision.

https://www.downstate.edu/patient-care/find-treatment/areas-of-care/ophthalmology/eye-disorders/macular-pucker.html#:~:text=A%20macular%20pucker%20is%20scar,blurred%20and%20distorted%20central%20vision.

High PSA

 High PSA levels can mean you have prostate cancer or a prostate condition that's not cancer, such as an infection (prostatitis) or an enlarged prostate. If your PSA levels are higher than normal, your provider may talk with you about having more tests to diagnose the cause.Aug 31, 2022

What is ASD? What is Autism Spectrum Disorder

 Autism is diagnosed by observing a child’s behavior. There are several well-known diagnostic tools that are used to diagnose or confirm a diagnosis of autism. For example, The Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale (ADOS) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS-2). In addition, The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-V) provides standardized criteria to help diagnose ASD and determine the level of support needed. 

 The broad criteria listed in the DSM-V are summarized below: 

Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts.

Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. 

Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period.

Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning.

These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) or global developmental delay.

Autism is considered to be a spectrum disorder; some individuals with autism may also have an intellectual disability, while others are only mildly affected. Although ASD, in most cases, is a life-long disability, early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) can result in significant progress, leading to successful, independent participation in learning, social, and community activities. 

If you are concerned about your child’s development, schedule a diagnostic evaluation with our team.

What does PTA mean in charting?

 What does PTA mean in charting?

Inefficiency means losing time, fuel, and money. No one wants that. Projected time of availability (PTA) is a key factor to consider.May 30, 2022

Medical Abbreviations

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/libraries/miner/resources/abbreviation-glossary.aspx 

75 Must-Know Medical Terms, Abbreviations, and Acronyms

5 min read–Published On: June 22, 2021–Categories: Health Care Trendscopy from Medical school blog

1. Abrasion: A cut or scrape that typically isn’t serious.
2. Abscess: A tender, fluid-filled pocket that forms in tissue, usually due to infection.
3. Acute: Signifies a condition that begins abruptly and is sometimes severe, but the duration is short.
4. Benign: Not cancerous.
5. Biopsy: A small sample of tissue that’s taken for testing.
6. Chronic: Signifies a recurring, persistent condition like heart disease.
7. Contusion: A bruise.
8. Defibrillator: A medical device that uses electric shocks to restore normal heartbeat.
9. Edema: Swelling caused by fluid accumulation.
10. Embolism: An arterial blockage, often caused by a blood clot.
11. Epidermis: The outer layer of the skin.
12. Fracture: Broken bone or cartilage.
13. Gland: An organ or tissue that produces and secretes fluids that serve a specific function.
14. Hypertension: High blood pressure.
15. Inpatient: A patient who requires hospitalization.
16. Intravenous: Indicates medication or fluid that’s delivered by vein.
17. Malignant: Indicates the presence of cancerous cells.
18. Outpatient: A patient who receives care without being admitted to a hospital.
19. Prognosis: The predicated outcome of disease progression and treatment.
20. Relapse: Return of disease or symptoms after a patient has recovered.
21. Sutures: Stitches, which are used to join tissues together as they heal.
22. Transplant: The removal of an organ or tissue from one body that is implanted into another.
23. Vaccine: A substance that stimulates antibody production to provide immunity against disease.
24. Zoonotic disease: A disease that is transmissible from animals to humans.

25. A-, an-: Lack of or without.

26. -ation: Indicates a process.
27. Dys-: Abnormal, difficult, or painful.
28. -ectomy: Surgical removal of something.
29. -ismus: Indicates a spasm or contraction.
30. -itis: Signifies inflammation.
31. -lysis: Decomposition, destruction, or breaking down.
32. Macro-: Large in size.
33. Melan/o-: Black or dark in color.
34. Micro-: Small in size.
35. -ology: The study of a particular concentration.
36. -osis: Indicates something that is abnormal.
37. -otomy: To cut into.
38. -pathy: Disease or disease process.
39. -plasty: Surgical repair.
40. Poly-: Many.
41. Pseudo-: False or deceptive, usually in regard to appearance.
42. Retro-: Behind or backward.

43. Cardi/o: Related to the heart.
44. Derm/a/o, dermat/o: Pertaining to the skin.
45. Encephal/o: Related to the brain.
46. Gastr/o: Related to the stomach.
47. Hemat/o: Pertaining to blood.
48. My/o: Related to muscle.
49. Oste/o: Related to bone.
50. Pulmon/o: Refers to the lungs.
51. Rhin/o: Related to the nose.
52. Sclerosis: Hard or hardening.
53. Stasis: Slowing or stopping the flow of a bodily fluid.
54. Therm/o: Indicates heat.

55. ALS: Advanced life support.
56. Bl wk: Blood work.
57. BMI: Body mass index, a measure of body fat based on height and weight.
58. BP: Blood pressure.
59. CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, a life-saving technique that’s also called mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
60. C-spine: Cervical spine.
62. DNR: Do not resuscitate, a medical order indicating providers should not perform CPR.
63. ED/ER: Emergency department or emergency room.
64. EKG: Electrocardiogram, a way of monitoring the heart and testing for problems.
65. HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, often called “good” cholesterol.
66. HR: Heart rate, expressed as beats per minute.
67. LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, often called “bad” cholesterol.
68. Lytes: Electrolytes.
69. NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit, a specialized unit that cares for premature infants.
70. OR: Operating room where surgeries are performed.
71. Pre-op: Preoperative.
72. Psych: Refers to psychiatry or the psychiatric ward.
73. PT: Physical therapy, a type of treatment to help patients move and feel better.
74. Rx: Prescription, usually for medication but can also signify another treatment.
75. Stat: Immediately.